Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) 

What is ROP? 
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is an eye condition that affects some premature infants. It involves abnormal development of the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that is essential for vision. 

What Causes ROP? 
During normal development in the womb, the blood vessels of the retina grow gradually and fully develop by the time a preganancy becomes “term”, around 40 weeks. In premature infants, especially those born before 31 weeks or weighing less than 1500 grams, this process is interrupted. After birth, these infants are often exposed to supplemental oxygen and environmental conditions that can disrupt normal blood vessel growth, leading to fragile, abnormal vessels. These vessels can leak, scar, and in severe cases, pull the retina out of place (retinal detachment), potentially causing vision loss or blindness. 

How Common is ROP? 
ROP is a relatively common condition in very premature infants. In developed countries, around 50% of very preterm infants may develop some stage of ROP. However, only a small percentage, around 5–10%, develop severe ROP that requires treatment. Typically, these infants are born extremely preterm, i.e. before 28 week gestational age¹.

Why Early Screening Matters 
Because ROP often has no symptoms in its early stages and develop gradually, routine eye exams are essential for preterm infants at risk. Early detection is needed for timely treatment, which can significantly reduce the risk of permanent vision damage. 

Treatment Options 
Mild ROP may resolve on its own without treatment. More advanced cases may require interventions such as laser therapy, injected Anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Therapy, or sometimes even surgery to prevent vision loss.